THE ROLE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISCOURSE MARKERS IN A THEORY OF GRAMMATICALIZATION

摘要: This paper concerns some interactions between syntax, pragmatics, and semanticsexemplified by the development of Discourse Markers indeed, in fact , besides what rolethey might play a theory grammaticalization, especially unidirectionality ofgrammaticalization.Nominal clines (nominal adposition > case) verbal (main verb tense, aspect,mood marker) are staples grammaticalization theory. I will argue that further cline: Clause-internal Adverbial Sentence Particle (of which asubtype) should be added to inventory. In languages like English this cline involvesincreased syntactic freedom scope, therefore violates principles bonding andreduced scope frequently associated with grammaticalization. It nevertheless illustrates clusterof other long-attested structural characteristics early specificallydecategorialization, phonological reduction, generalization; it also number ofmore recently recognized characteristics, pragmatic strengthening subjectification. Iwill suggest these considered salient butdecrease notFurthermore, is process whereby lexical materialin highly constrained morphosyntactic contexts becomes grammatical, otherwords material specifiable functions comes participate structuraltexture language, its constructions. The mechanism bringsabout particular instances local reanalysis. How we think thislocal reanalysis relation analogy extension has been topic much recentresearch (e.g. Hopper Traugott 1993: Chap. 3, Roberts 1993, Tabor 1994, Harris andCampbell 1995: 4, Vincent 1997). My interest here not mechanisms but primarily inthe processes--the syntax semantics, structure use--that sow seedsfor first place."Grammaticalization constrainedpragmatic grammatical" unidirectional statement, sofar as predicts grammatical become lexical. So formulations indifferent traditions from functional one adopted here. For example, his study historyof habere auxiliary Romance within GB framework, subsumes grammaticalizationunder optimization grammars:Diachronic Reanalysis [of head head] driven theoperation Least Effort Strategy acquisition. There real sense thenin Diachronic leads simplification grammar(Roberts 1993:251)).Indeed, various forms strongest hypotheses associatedwith Like any good hypothesis, used agatekeeper assess whether change X or case Some