Venus lower atmosphere heat balance

摘要: Pioneer Venus observations of temperatures and radiative fluxes are examined in an attempt to understand the thermal balance lower atmosphere. If all correct probe sites typical planet, second law thermodynamics requires that bulk atmosphere heating must come from a source other than direct sunlight or thermally driven atmospheric circulation. Neither so-called greenhouse models nor mechanical consistent with this interpretation observations. One possible is two out three atypical planet. Additional heat sources provide another interpretation. These include planetary flux 250 times earth's, secular cooling atmosphere, chemically energetic rain carrying solar energy clouds surface. Other data make these interpretations seem unlikely, so measurement error remains serious possibility.