Secular Changes in Atmospheric Turbidity over Iraq and a Possible Link to Military Activity

摘要: We examine satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) data during the period 2000–2018 over Middle East to evaluate contribution of anthropogenic pollution. focus on Iraq, where US troops were present for nearly nine years. begin with a plausibility argument linking influence and AOD signature. then calculate percent change in every two To pinpoint causes changes spatial basis, we distinguish between synoptically “calm” periods those vigorous synoptic activity. This was done high-resolution 10 km retrievals from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor (Terra satellite). found spatiotemporal variability intensity its standard deviation along dust-storm corridor three studied periods: before Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) (1 March 2000–19 2003), OIF (20 2003–1 September 2010), New Dawn (OND; 1 2010–18 December 2011), after troops’ withdrawal (19 2011–31 2018). Pixels military camps bases, major roads areas conflict, their corresponding values, selected study possible effects. that winter, higher frequency days conditions compared spring summer, best season quantitatively estimate impact these ground-based sources. Surprisingly, an signature also visible Meteorological favor detection effects using space imagery are discussed, more salient than surrounding regions similar meteorological conditions. exceeds expectations when considering variations alone.