Where Wolves Kill Moose: The Influence of Prey Life History Dynamics on the Landscape Ecology of Predation

摘要: The landscape ecology of predation is well studied and known to be influenced by habitat heterogeneity. Little attention has been given how the influence heterogeneity on might modulated life history dynamics prey in mammalian systems. We demonstrate moose (Alces alces) contribute patterns wolves (Canis lupus) Isle Royale National Park, Lake Superior, USA. use pattern analysis kernel density estimates kill sites that senescent condition prime tend wolf-killed different regions winter. Predation was clustered one zone northeast portion island, whereas 13 separate zones distributed throughout full extent island. Moreover, probability occurrence for moose, comparison increased high elevation with patches dense coniferous trees. These differences can attributed, at least part, being more vulnerable making risk-sensitive decisions than moose. Landscape emerging from have observed fish insects, but this first system which such observations made.