Molecular Testing in Urothelial Tumors

摘要: Recent evidence supports the presence of two distinct pathways urothelial carcinoma. The majority tumors are superficial noninvasive low-grade which often multifocal with high recurrence rate and infrequent progression. Muscle-invasive disease, on other hand, represents 20 % approximately 50 chance developing metastases. In this chapter, we discuss molecular pathway involved in pathogenesis carcinoma at genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenetic levels. We also explore aspects multifocality, heterogeneity, tumor recurrence. recent isolation cells cancer stem cell properties can have significant therapeutic implications. outline currently available markers These be great values for screening, early diagnosis, assessment prognosis, surveillance disease include soluble urine cell-based markers. Emerging biomarkers potential clinical significance DNA methylation, microRNA analysis, circulating cells. Molecular profiling or global analysis changes hold promise a better understanding mechanisms aggressive behavior lead to new biological, rather than morphological, classification tumors. use multiparametric approach integration parameters significantly improve outcome. approaches basis develop new, more effective, targeted therapies bladder cancer.