Benefits and Detriments of Gadolinium from Medical Advances to Health and Ecological Risks.

摘要: Gadolinium (Gd)-containing chelates have been established as diagnostics tools. However, extensive use in magnetic resonance imaging has led to increased Gd levels industrialized parts of the world, adding natural occurrence and causing environmental health concerns. A vast amount data shows that metal may accumulate human body its deposition detected organs such brain liver. Moreover, disease nephrogenic systemic fibrosis linked Gd3+ levels. Investigation effects at cellular molecular mostly revolves around calcium-dependent proteins, since competes with calcium due their similar size; other reports focus on interaction nucleic acids carbohydrates. little is known about membranes; yet some results suggest interacts strongly biologically-relevant lipids (e.g., membrane constituents) causes serious structural changes including enhanced rigidity propensity for lipid fusion aggregation much lower concentrations than ions, both toxic essential. This review surveys impact anthropogenic emphasizing risks discussing debilitating cell organization lead deleterious consequences.