EUROPEAN STARLINGS: A REVIEW OF AN INVASIVE SPECIES WITH FAR-REACHING IMPACTS

摘要: The introduction of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in New York City 1890 and 1891 resulted their permanent establishment North America. successful occupation America (and most other continents as well) has earned the starling a nomination Top 100 list ‘Worlds Worst’ invaders. Pimentel et al. (2000) estimated that damage to agriculture crops United States was $800 million yearly, based on $5/ha damage. Starlings may spread infectious diseases sicken humans livestock, costing nearly health treatment costs. Lastly, perhaps have contributed decline native cavity-nesting birds by usurping nesting sites. We describe life history starlings, economic impact agriculture, potential role vectors spreading livestock humans. recommend database migratory local movements be augmented improved baits baiting strategies developed reduce nuisance populations.