Human and cattle ergotism since 1900: Symptoms, outbreaks, and regulations

摘要: Ergotism in humans and cattle are caused by several species of Claviceps that infect rye other cereal grains. Symptoms vary greatly generally classified as convulsive, gangrenous, or gastrointestinal (enteric). Cattle particularly susceptible to both gangrenous hyperthermic ergotism (also called summer syndrome). The prevalence has decreased knowledge the fungus increased, mainly through implementation regulations advances milling procedures. However, outbreaks have recently occurred lower socioeconomic populations Ethiopia (1977 2001) India (1975) with devastating results. Prominent Australia (1987), United States (1996), South Africa (1996-1997), Brazil (1999) and, opposed human cases, they do not appear be bound economic development. This review provides a detailed summary all major ergot epidemics since 1900 cattle. Special attention is devoted symptoms surrounding control food supply.