A new threat to honey bees, the parasitic phorid fly Apocephalus borealis.

摘要: Honey bee colonies are subject to numerous pathogens and parasites. Interaction among multiple parasites is the proposed cause for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a syndrome characterized by worker bees abandoning their hive. Here we provide first documentation that phorid fly Apocephalus borealis, previously known parasitize bumble bees, also infects eventually kills honey may pose an emerging threat North American apiculture. Parasitized show hive abandonment behavior, leaving hives at night dying shortly thereafter. On average, seven days later up 13 larvae emerge from each dead pupate away bee. Using DNA barcoding, confirmed phorids emerged were same species. Microarray analyses of infected revealed these often with deformed wing virus Nosema ceranae. Larvae adult tested positive pathogens, implicating as potential vector or reservoir pathogens. Phorid parasitism affect viability since 77% sites sampled in San Francisco Bay Area microarray detected commercial South Dakota California's Central Valley. Understanding details infection shed light on similar behaviors seen CCD.