Source apportionment of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lumbini, Nepal by using the positive matrix factorization receptor model

摘要: Abstract Indo–Gangetic Plain (IGP) is one of the most polluted regions in world. Despite numbers studies conducted at urban site, few data are available rural area. In this study, characteristics 15 particle-bound priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) total suspended particles (TSPs) collected a typical area (Lumbini) IGP from April 2013 to March 2014 were reported. The results showed that annual average TSP and PAH concentrations 209 ± 123 μg/m 3 94.8 ± 54.6 ng/m , respectively, which similar those large cities such as Agra Delhi upwind adjacent regions. Clear seasonal variation was observed, with highest concentration occurring winter followed by pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, monsoon seasons, reflecting combined influence source strength circulation on Lumbini. Positive matrix factorization analysis biomass combustion (50.6%) vehicular emissions (30.4%) first two sources PAHs, coal (11.6%) air-soil exchange (7.4%), line diagnostic molecular ratios results. Because extensive agro-residue burning, intensive forest fires, conducive weather conditions, contribution burning during non-monsoon season (55.7%) higher than (42.1%). BaP equivalent (BaP eq ) particulate PAHs ranged between 2.51 47.3 ng/m 2–40 times WHO guideline (1 ng/m ), implying local residents risk for adverse health effects.