The Mechanisms of Action of Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine on the Heart: Role of Protein Phosphorylation

摘要: The heart does not beat with the same frequency or force all time: heartbeat is constantly regulated by various neurotransmitters and hormones. In particular, norepinephrine (NE) released from sympathetic nervous system causes an increase in of contraction, whereas acetylcholine (ACh) has opposite effects. During past decade, our understanding mechanisms which produce their effects on increased significantly, but at time it become clear that these are extremely complicated. NE ACh mediated through a variety different effector systems including several kinds ionic channels plasma membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum, contractile apparatus. purpose this review to summarize how interact regulate cardiac contraction.