Evidence against mobile pulleys on the rectus muscles and inferior oblique muscle: central nervous system controls ocular kinematics.

摘要: Purpose: To provide evidence against the existence of orbital pulleys. Methods: Interpretation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans; video eye tracking; ocular motor nerve stimulations; and clinical observations. Results: No pulleys or planes splitting extraocular muscles into layers were noted on MRI scans. Smooth muscle does not antagonize striate muscle. There is no physiological that human rectus shift rotational axes to attain commutative behavior. In monkey humans, rotation are determined by position. Operations reveal Conclusions: The somatosensory system central nervous controls muscles. autonomic hormonal systems control infrastructure orbit vital for function three integrated controlled system. Neural circuits necessary compensate abnormalities.