摘要: The first vaccines were made from intact or weakened infectious agents. An improved understanding of the immune system has fostered development additional types vaccines, which provide immunity without risk infection. These newer can be helpful when immunizing special populations, such as newborns geriatric patients, who may have systems. Modern also contain materials adjuvants, enhance immunogenicity. Antibiotics and preservatives used to prevent contamination during manufacture after distribution.
springer.com
sci-hub.se 参考文章(48)
Keiji Fukuda, Nancy J. Cox, Carolyn B. Bridges, Scott A. Harper, Using live, attenuated influenza vaccine for prevention and control of influenza: supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. ,vol. 52, pp. 1- 8 ,(2003)
Carlos A. DiazGranados, Corwin A. Robertson, H. Keipp Talbot, Victoria Landolfi, Andrew J. Dunning, David P. Greenberg, Prevention of serious events in adults 65 years of age or older: A comparison between high-dose and standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccines. Vaccine. ,vol. 33, pp. 4988- 4993 ,(2015) , 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2015.07.006
Greg L. Plosker, 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: A Review of Its Use in Adults Drugs. ,vol. 75, pp. 1535- 1546 ,(2015) , 10.1007/S40265-015-0449-Z
J G Olson, Y Bogale, W Alemu, M Fekadu, T Teshager, T Endeshaw, Possible human-to-human transmission of rabies in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Medical Journal. ,vol. 34, pp. 123- 127 ,(1996)
Manon Haverkate, F D’Ancona, C Giambi, K Johansen, Pietro Luigi Lopalco, V Cozza, E Appelgren, collective on behalf of the VENICE project gatekeepers and contact points, None, Mandatory and recommended vaccination in the EU, Iceland and Norway: results of the VENICE 2010 survey on the ways of implementing national vaccination programmes Eurosurveillance. ,vol. 17, pp. 20183- ,(2012) , 10.2807/ESE.17.22.20183-EN
J.A.P. Heesterbeek, A brief history of R0 and a recipe for its calculation. Acta Biotheoretica. ,vol. 50, pp. 189- 204 ,(2002) , 10.1023/A:1016599411804
Claudia Pileggi, Valentina Mascaro, Aida Bianco, Carmelo G. A. Nobile, Maria Pavia, Immunogenicity and Safety of Intradermal Influenza Vaccine in the Elderly: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Drugs & Aging. ,vol. 32, pp. 857- 869 ,(2015) , 10.1007/S40266-015-0303-8
Paul E. M. Fine, Herd Immunity: History, Theory, Practice Epidemiologic Reviews. ,vol. 15, pp. 265- 302 ,(1993) , 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.EPIREV.A036121
Scott A Harper, Keiji Fukuda, Timothy M Uyeki, Nancy J Cox, Carolyn B Bridges, None, Prevention and control of influenza : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. ,vol. 55, pp. 1- 40 ,(2004)
, Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedules - United States, 2012 Pediatrics. ,vol. 129, pp. 385- 386 ,(2012) , 10.1542/PEDS.2011-3630