A Social-Ecological Systems Framework as a Tool for Understanding the Effectiveness of Biosphere Reserve Management

摘要: Biosphere reserves aim to reconciliate social and economic development with biodiversity conservation through complex spatial governance arrangements. However, there is a generalized lack of information about how biosphere are being managed governed, at what point their goals achieved, which limits better understanding the factors influencing reserve management effectiveness. Building on systematic review existing empirical studies, we developed framework that identifies main features related We identified four categories—context, inputs, process outcomes—and 53 sub-categories, interact different scales shape found capacity achieve not only way they managed/governed, or inputs invested, but many ecological contextual factors. also benefits impacts were associated around world. Comparing other social–ecological system frameworks, ours provides more inclusive approach, since it integrates findings studies research perspectives, considers plurality values attributed natural resources, system’s dynamics.