Top 20 environmental weeds for classical biological control in Europe: a review of opportunities, regulations and other barriers to adoption.

摘要: Summary Classical biological control remains the only tool available for permanent ecological and economic management of invasive alien species that flourish through absence their co-evolved natural enemies. As such, this approach is recognized as a key by Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), European Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) Strategy Invasive Alien Species (ESIAS). Successful classical programmes abound around world, despite disproportionate attention being given to occasional predictable non-target impacts. Despite more than 130 case histories in Europe against insect pests, no exotic agent has been released EU an weed. This dearth occurred face increasing numbers plants imported taking over National Parks, forests amenity areas region, well global increase use world. paper reviews potential weed targets from socioeconomic perspectives using criteria historical success, taxonomic isolation native flora, likely availability agents, invasiveness outside value primary industry horticulture (potential conflicts interest). We also review why untested, considering problems funding public perception. Finally, we consider regulatory framework surrounds such activities within constituent countries suggest how may be adopted future managing weeds Europe.