Practical Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Avoiding Artifacts and Using Lifetime Standards

摘要: In this chapter we describe how artifacts can be avoided in the two most commonly used time-resolved fluorometries, namely single-photon timing and multifrequency phase-modulation techniques. The frequently encountered (inner filter effect, autofluorescence, polarization effects, color photobleaching, deoxygenation, pulse pile-up, linearity of time response time-to-amplitude converter) are described detail remedies presented to avoid these pitfalls. An extensive list fluorescence lifetime standards is presented, which allows spectroscopist calibrate test instruments for systematic errors.