摘要: We test for umbrella effects among private label products using a new type of data: crowdsourced data, or data contributed by users an in-store shopping app their own, and other users' benefit. model in our random-parameter logit with private-label preference parameters correlated product categories. Our results support the existence limited sample where are defined as preferences labels across [JEL Classifications: D12; D43; L13; L83; M31].