On the scaling behavior of reliability–resilience–vulnerability indices in agricultural watersheds

摘要: Abstract Risk indices such as reliability–resilience–vulnerability (R–R–V) have been proposed to assess watershed health. In this study, the spatial scaling behavior of R–R–V has explored for five agricultural watersheds in midwestern United States. The study was conducted using two different measures scale: (i) ratio contributing upland area required channel initiation (FA), and (ii) Strahler stream order. It found that do change with scale, but a representative watershed-specific threshold FA value exists these achieve stable values. Scaling order is feasible if possesses tree-like network. As an example anthropogenic influences, also examined role BMPs placed within via cost-effective optimization scheme on evolution values scale. While placement achieved reductions concentrations and/or loads constituents, they may not significantly risk measures, are likely cause significant reduction vulnerability. If primarily diffuse manner throughout watershed, there might be