TURBULENCE IN WAKES OF ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS

摘要: The results of an experimental investigation the turbulent flow in a pipe roughened with hemispheres are reported. roughness concentration was varied by changing size elements which were uniformly distributed on smooth boundary. Measurements included intensity turbulence, macroscale Reynolds stress, mean velocity, pressure gradient, drag force, and shear stress Turbulence velocity measurements confined to vertical plane through wake center line. experiments provide new information, reduce some uncertainty about structure turbulence distribution wakes elements.