Estimates of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and Fecal Coliforms Entering the Environment Due to Inadequate Sanitation Treatment Technologies in 108 Low and Middle Income Countries.

摘要: Understanding the excretion and treatment of human waste (feces urine) in low middle income countries (LMICs) is necessary to design appropriate management strategies. However, are often difficult quantify due decentralization excreta management. We address this gap by developing a mechanistic, stochastic model characterize phosphorus, nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), fecal coliform pollution from for 108 LMICs. The estimates given three scenarios: (1) use existing sanitation systems, (2) World Health Organization-defined "improved sanitation", (3) best available technologies. Our that more than 10(9) kg/yr each nitrogen BOD produced. Of this, 22(19-27)%, 11(7-15)%, 17(10-23)%, 35 (23-47)% (mean 95% range) BOD, coliforms, respectively, removed systems. upgrading sanitation" increases mean removal slightly between 17 53%. Under technology scenario, only approximately 60-80% pollutants treated. To reduce impact nutrient microbial on environmental health, improvements both access adequate efficiency needed.