Death of the bee hive: understanding the failure of an insect society.

摘要: Since 2007 honey bee colony failure rates overwinter have averaged about 30% across much of North America. In addition, cases extremely rapid been reported, which has termed collapse disorder. Both phenomena result from an increase in the frequency and intensity chronic diseases environmental stressors. Colonies are often challenged by multiple stressors, can interact: for example, pesticides enhance disease transmission colonies. may be particularly vulnerable to sublethal effects pathogens since functions compromised whether a stressor kills workers, or causes them fail at foraging. Modelling provides way understand processes relating impacts stressors colony-level functions.