The Development of Behavior from Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives in Mammals and Birds

摘要: Comprehensive studies of behavior must consider at least four major topics, evolution, adaptation,causation, and development (Tinbergen, 1951, 1963). In this chapter, we argue that separation developmental questions from consideration (1) the historical routes by which behavioral traits evolve, (2) their adaptive significance, somehow, but rarely, measured in terms inclusive fitness, (3) factors (internal external) responsible for causing trait to be expressed, though possible, produces results limited applicability. Because all populations are age-structured (Charlesworth, 1980), important evolutionary ecological research biology (e.g., Alexander, 1974; Gould, 1977; Burghardt Bekoff, 1978; Cairns, 1979; Fagen, 1981; Gubernick Klopfer, Immelmann et al.,1981; Hinde, 1982, 1983; Cheverud al., Stamps, A. 1981, 1985; Patenaude, 1984; M. Price Grant, 1985).