Taphonomy and Diagenesis of Human Bone in Underwater Archaeology: A Review of the Current Status and the Proposal of Post-Mortem Submersion Interval (PMSI) as a Potential Forensic Application

摘要: Diagenesis is the collective word for physical, biological, and chemical processes that bones undergo in post-mortem period, until their physical destruction or fossilization. In forensic anthropology, analysis of macroscopic microscopic bone alterations, alongside taphonomy soft tissues a body, has proven valuable estimation time-of-death, Post-Mortem Interval (PMI), skeletonized individuals. To date, alterations have been mostly researched terrestrial settings, such as exposed buried skeletal remains, but here scientific literature regarding human bones submerged underwater reviewed. It features 20 publications last 42 years, which 9 are reviews, 8 studies on ancient material 3 experimental studies. Future research diagenetic parameters bones, together with refinement correlation time slightly better known will prove Submersion (PMSI) both archaeological contexts, because bones always still regularly recovered underwater. The concurrent PMI PMSI add vital information to criminal investigations. Diagenetic identified Histological Index, protein content, porosity crystallinity bioapatite. They depicted analytic techniques currently available assess presence magnitude, relate them bioerosion, abrasion, encrustation, also extremes dissolution