The association between marine bathing and infectious diseases– a review

摘要: Worldwide, infectious diseases represent a leading cause of death and disability. Exposure to the ocean, whether through recreation or occupation, represents potentially significant, but poorly understood, source in man. This review describes potential mechanisms whereby marine bathing could lead Sources pathogens environment are described, including human sewage, animal sources, fellow bathers indigenous organisms. The epidemiological evidence for association between disease is presented, consideration differing relationship faecal indicator bacteria levels illness at point compared with non-point settings. Estimating burden reliant on public health surveillance, both formal informal, which described from UK perspective this review. Potential emerging threats marine–human interface discussed, infections caused by Shewanella Vibrio bacteria, presence that resistant antimicrobials.