Climate Cycles and Climate Transitions as a Response to Astronomical and CO2 Forcings

摘要: The natural variability of climate occurs on a wide range time scales, ranging from decades to millions years. scales importance the ice ages late Cenozoic are order 10 1000 ka. On these so-called astronomical theory paleoclimates and in particular its Milan-kovitch version have become almost universally accepted basis research (Berger 1992). In traditional form, states that changes high-latitude summer insolation cause waxing waning continental sheets. This was first quantitatively formulated by Milanko-vitch 1988; Milankovitch 1995), who calculated how incoming radiation at top atmosphere varies as function latitude orbital parameters e, ∈ e sin ῶ, where denotes eccentricity Earth’s orbit around Sun, is obliquity ῶ precessional effect, with being longitude perihelion measured moving equinox. Each can be expressed quasi-periodic time. According theory, low could prevent winter snow melting. high albedo snow- ice-covered areas would initiate further cooling Earth. Eventually, this positive feedback result build-up