Climatology: An Atmospheric Science

摘要: Part 1. PHYSICAL AND DYNAMIC CLIMATOLOGY Chapter 1 Climatology in the World Today The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Sciences Climatology: A Brief History Content of Variables Data Availability Representation Units Standard chemistry Constant gases Gas Laws Variable Gases Vertical Structure Earth's Troposphere Stratosphere Above Summary, Key Terms, Review Questions 2 Energy Climate System Solar Source Photosphere Chromosphere Sunspots Transfer Nature Radiation Reflection Scattering Absorption Transmission Planetary Budget Greenhouse Effect Surface Steady-State 3 Temperatures Seasons Daily Temperature Changes Daytime Heating Nighttime Cooling Range Seasonal Lag Extreme Factors Influencing Distribution Horizontal Latitude Properties Aspect Topography Dynamic over 4 Hydrologic Cycle State Relative Humidity Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Near Ground: Dew, Mist Fog Foggy Places Surface: Clouds Cloud Forms Classification Motion Adiabatic Lapse Rates Regional Variation Precipitation Through Time Water Balance method for Calculating 5 Wind Circulation Patterns Pressure Air Newton's Gradient Coriolis Friction Rotational Forces Resulting General Meridional Zonal Tropical Trade Winds Intertropical Convergence Zone Mid-latitude Polar Global Pattern Monsoons Asian Monsoon Periodic Local Land Sea Breezes Mountain Valley Fohn 6 Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions Ocean Currents Thermohaline Walker El Nino Episode 1982-1983 Event 1997-1998 Northern Hemisphere Weather Counterpoint-La Nina Impacts Agricultural Losses Disease Outbreaks Wildlife Forecasting Pacific Decadal Oscillation Interannual 7 Mass Synoptic Masses Fronts Middle Cyclones Cyclogenesis Upper Climatic Studies Hemispheric Scale Satellite Orbits Sensors Limitations Opportunities 8 Storms Formation Place Occurrence Hurricane Surge Coastal Flooding North American Hurricanes Hazard United States Thunderstorms Associated Hazards Tornadoes Tornado 1925 1974 Radar-Tool Analysis Doppler Radar Floods Drought 2. CLIMATE CHANGE 9 Natural Causes Change Short-Term Irradiance Sunspot Activity Dust Human-Induced Long-Term Earth-Sun Relationships Continents Oceans Extraterrestrial Other Theories 10 Reconstruction Past Climates Evidence from Ice Glaciers Glaciation Sheets Cores Periglacial Ancient Sediments Level Life Faunal Floral Geologic Since Retreat Historical Period Last 1000 Years 11 Warming Carbon Environment Changing Levels Dioxide Theory Future Methane Permafrost methane Nitrogen oxides Chlorofluorocarbons Thermal Pollution Record Politics 12 Physical Antarctic Arctic Greenland Shelves Melting Asia Africa Europe Americas Rising Systems 13 Living Terrestrial Length Growing Season Forests Agriculture Aquatic Coral Reefs Fresh Impact Human Health Spread Diseases Malaria West Nile Encephalitis Virus Dengue Fever Chikungunya (Chicken Guinea) Cholera Plague 14 Chemistry Pollutants Particulates Monoxide Sulfur Compounds Oxides Ozone Brown Acid precipitation Rain on Structures Stratospheric Ultraviolet Hole Decline International Response to Depletion Organisms Ultraviolet-B 3. REGIONAL 15 Climates: Scales Study Definitions Microclimates Characteristics Role Cover Mesoscale Forest Macroscale Approach Koppen Vegetation Deserts Grasslands Colder Realms: Taiga Tundra Disturbed Formations 16 tropical rainforest (Af) Rainforest Biome Species Diversity Deforestation Amazon River Galapagos: An Equatorial Dry Region Tropics Wet-and-Dry Climate(Aw) (BWh) Desert Desertification 17 Mid-Latitude latitude Summer Winter Types Midlatitude Wet Marine West-Coast Winter-Dry Summer-Dry America 18 Highland Basin Lows Continent Windy Chinook 4. APPLIED 19 Physiological Biometeorological Indices People Climatotherapy Morbidity Mortality Architecture Primitive Constructions Modern Degree Days Building Fabric House Design Urban Modified Processes Observed Results 20 Climate, Agriculture, Industry Crop Extending Limits Yields Industrial Location Production Transportation Transport Shipping Tourism Commerce Appendix Glossary Bibliography Index