Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

摘要: The study of paranasal sinus diseases spans a 2000-year history from the earliest known investigators to present. After an exhaustive historical review classification for each sinus, operational definition anatomical status system is presented developmental perspective. A comprehensive examination nomenclature undertaken clarify discrepancies and vagaries in terminology, which have been major source confusion among those studying or operating upon nasal complex – nose sinuses. Primary original sources were consulted persistent confusions encountered literature, will permit better communication addition eliminating redundant terminology. Morphological entities such as agger nasi versus cells, frontal cell, recess, lateral ethmoid infundibulum, hiatus semilunaris, “nasofrontal duct,” nasolacrimal duct are examined embryologic, comparative anatomical, evolutionary frame reference order identify their importance disease processes. Multiple approaches used describe anatomy utilizing diverse backgrounds authors, who anatomists, radiologist, ENT surgeons France USA with combined clinical experience 120 years surgical practice. Methods this chapter include CT endoscopic imaging living humans, dry cranial material, fresh tissue dissections, three-dimensional volume-rendering methods that allow digitization spaces within graphical examination. Given great complexity extreme variability system, otolaryngology arguably most challenging fields. Indeed, when afflicted viral bacterial infection, presenting one many types carcinomas, formidable manifestations challenge depth surgeon’s knowledge experience. As such, dizzying array terms has applied these densely clustered, disease-prone associated structures. It thus charge otolaryngologist master sinuses greater complex, clinically may be considered last frontier craniofacial biology.