The evolution of myrmicine ants: phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

摘要: This study investigates the evolutionary history of a hyperdiverse clade, ant subfamily Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), based on analyses data matrix comprising 251 species and 11 nuclear gene fragments. Under both maximum likelihood Bayesian methods inference, we recover robust phylogeny that reveals six major clades Myrmicinae, here treated as newly defined tribes occur- ring pectinate series: Myrmicini, Pogonomyrmecini trib.n., Stenammini, Solenop- sidini, Attini Crematogastrini. Because condense former 25 myrmicine into new six-tribe scheme, membership in some is now notably different, espe- cially regarding Attini. We demonstrate monotypic genus Ankylomyrma nei- ther nor even member more inclusive formicoid clade - rather it poneroid ant, sister to Tatuidris (Agroecomyrmecinae). Several species-rich genera are shown be nonmonophyletic, including Pogono- myrmex, Aphaenogaster, Messor, Monomorium, Pheidole, Temnothorax andTetramor- ium. propose number generic synonymies partially alleviate these problems (senior synonym listed first): Pheidole = Anisopheidole syn.n. Machomyrma syn.n.; Chalepoxenus Myrmoxenus Protomognathus Tetramorium Rhoptromyrmex Anergates Teleutomyrmex The Veromessor stat.r. resurrected for New World previously placed Messor; Syllophopsis from synonymy under Monomorium contain hildebrandti group;Trichomyrmex underMonomorium scabriceps- anddestruc- tor-groups; Epelysidris reinstated brocha. divergence dating indicates crown group origi- nated about 98.6 Ma (95% highest probability density 87.9-109.6 Ma) but considerably younger, with age estimates ranging 52.3 71.1 Ma. Although other suprageneric taxa arose mostly middle Eocene or earlier, prominent, genera, such Cephalotes, Strumigenys, Crematogaster andTetramorium, have estimated origins late Oligocene. Most diversity resides two clades, Crematogastrini, which originated diversified extensively Neotropics Paleotropics, respectively. circumscribed Myrmicini Holarctic distribution, ancestral range estimation suggests Nearctic origin. Solenopsidini reconstructed being Neotropical origin,