Emerging Influenza D virus infection in European livestock as determined in serology studies: Are we underestimating its spread over the continent?

摘要: Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus that was first isolated in 2011 the United States from swine exhibiting influenza-like disease. To date, its detection extended to all continents and broad host range: IDV circulating cattle, swine, feral camelids, small ruminants horses. Evidence also suggests possible species jump humans, underlining issue of zoonotic potential. In Europe, serological investigations cattle have partially allowed understanding diffusion different countries such as Italy, France, Luxembourg Ireland. The infection widespread but limited other investigated species, consolidating assumption primary host. We hypothesize commercial livestock trade could play role observed differences seroprevalence among these areas. Indeed, overall level exposure destination (e.g. Italy) higher than origin France), leading hypothesis viral shedding following transportation young abroad thus contributing larger at destination. large geographic circulation Northern more Southern European supports spread through trade. This review summarizes available data on Europe collected so far integrates unpublished surveillance framework last decade. addition, biosecurity measures this pathogen's discussed.