Fostering synergies between ecosystem services and biodiversity in conservation planning: A review

摘要: Abstract Our dependence on biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) is increasing, due to population expansion economic growth. Consequently, maintaining sustaining ES supply should consistently be incorporated into conservation project objectives. We reviewed 238 scientific articles evaluate current knowledge, guided by three questions: (1) How do we identify important sites for conservation? (2) can maximize synergy between during planning? (3) Does integrating the concept of provide new tools facilitate found that most effective approach identifying priority areas based quantifiable biophysical indicators as well their spatiotemporal flow scale. Moreover, general lack spatial congruence attributable to: (i) type data used mapping; (ii) greater accuracy functional diversity, compared other features, in predicting provision; (iii) higher positive correlation regulating with biodiversity, whereas provisioning are negatively correlated. Systematic planning procedures site complementarity would increase efficiency both conservation. Economic valuation ES, such through cost-benefit analysis, could help justify actions showing financial benefits nature greatly exceed cost. payments create incentives funding sources biodiversity. conclude proposing further research fostering synergies ES.