Sound Production: Vertebrates

摘要: This article compares the mechanisms of sound production in frogs, toads, birds, and mammals. The sounds for acoustic communication generally involves two steps. Sound is first generated vocal organ then modified as it passes through tract. In terrestrial mammals anura, by oscillation folds larynx. variety vertebrate vocalizations reflects part morphological diversity their organ, particularly cords. Birds have a unique syrinx, which located at or near caudal end trachea. Oscine songbirds increased spectral temporal songs exploiting ability to independently control produced on each side syrinx. Resonance filters tracts all these animals can produce formants that may be important information-bearing elements vocalization. Sac-like out-pouchings tract act Helmholtz resonators provide low-impedance pathway pass from into external environment. response special demands marine environment, toothed whales evolved source nasal passages. this channeled fats focus forward directed beam.