The effect of smoking on individual well-being: a propensity score matching analysis based on nationwide surveys in Japan

摘要: Background: It is widely known that smokers tend to feel less satisfied than non-smokers with their jobs and life more generally. However, it not easy establish a causal relationship between smoking individual well-being, because of shared associations socioeconomic or demographic factors. This issue was largely avoided in the present study, which used propensity score matching methods investigate whether affects extent individuals are job other aspects life. Methods: Using large-scale Japanese dataset, we first estimated scores for as function numerous We then matched on basis these. subsequently average treatment effect, considering treated group. different ascertain robustness any effects. Results: found made both males females unhappy, reduced they were multiple lives (including job, non-working activities, household's financial conditions, family life, friendships, residential area, health physical conditions) level self-rated health. Some these effects differed females. Conclusions: Our analyses identified having direct adverse well-being.