Riding invasion waves: Spatial and temporal patterns of the invasive Lemna minuta from its arrival to its spread across Europe

摘要: Abstract In Europe, the duckweed Lemna minuta is an invasive alien that can cause severe abiotic-biotic alterations of lentic aquatic ecosystems. Its invasion history across Europe was spatio-temporally reconstructed from its various introductions to present distribution by analyzing georeferenced historical records obtained different sources (bibliography, national-international digital databases). Fuzzy clustering, a form classification in which element belongs clusters according degree belonging, used identify most important temporal events (pulsations). Geographical representation these pulsations maps simplified detection main dynamics L. movements Europe. Based on analyses data, five were identified (1965, 1982, 1991, 2000, 2010). Invasions began along Atlantic coasts around 1950s–1960s. Around 1980s, spread extensively United Kingdom and Central After this, it started invade Southern also Eastern mainly stabilizing 2000s. last decade, consolidated occurrence Western while continues colonize new Mediterranean European regions. This analysis type effective determining spatial-temporal plants using data offers insight into behavior biological invader identifying routes areas susceptible future invasion. latter information be useful for development management strategies preventing invasions conserving ecosystems potentially under threat.