A congruence analysis of human stress.

摘要: This chapter examines recent developments, unresolved issues, and research priorities in the field of human stress. Before discussing these topics it is important to be clear about our uses terms stress stressor. The term mess refers here a state imbalance within an organism that (a) elicited by actual or perceived disparity between environmental demands organism’s capacity cope with (b) manifested through variety physiological, emotional, behavioral responses. response syndrome occurs as result exposure t o excessive demands, srressors. Conditions social physical environment operate stressors extent they tax exceed adaptive resources (cf. Lazarus, 1966; Selye, 1956). These definitions are sufficiently broad subsume several more detailed conceptualizations have been proposed from medical, psychological, sociologic perspectives. From medical perspective, typically construed defensive bodily (e.g., toxins, extreme temperature, emotionally charged situations) involving specific physiological components, such adrenal stimulation, gastrointestinal disturbances, shrinkage lymphatic structures 1956, 1976). Psychological analyses (Appley & Trumbull, 1967; McCrath, 1970) place greater emphasis on individual’s cognitive appraisal threatening conditions personal coping than d models Sociologic focus societal economic change, lack support resources) adversely affect well-being groups community Brenner, 1973; Cassel, 1964; Levine Scotch, 1970). preceding discussion provides glimpse diverse, yet complementary, Recent attempts integrate refine perspectives spawned focused areas research. first section developments three most active