Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds.

摘要: Thraupidae is the second largest family of birds and represents about 4% all avian species 12% Neotropical avifauna. Species in this display a wide range plumage colors patterns, foraging behaviors, vocalizations, ecotypes, habitat preferences. The lack complete phylogeny for tanagers has hindered study evolutionary diversity. Here, we present comprehensive, species-level using six molecular markers. Our analyses identified 13 major clades that designate as subfamilies. In addition, two are recognized distinct branches on tanager tree. topologies disagree many places with previous estimates relationships within tanagers, long-recognized genera not monophyletic our analyses. trees identify several cases convergent evolution ornaments bill morphology, social mimicry. produced by provides robust framework studying macroevolutionary patterns character evolution. We use new to diversification processes, find show background model exponentially declining rates. Thus, began an initial burst followed rate slowdown. addition model, later, clade-specific shifts supported, one increase Darwin’s finches another some Sporophila. these groups exceptional, even when compared overall rapid found tanagers. This first assessment rates context larger group which they evolved.