ADHD, Lifestyles and Comorbidities: A Call for an Holistic Perspective - from Medical to Societal Intervening Factors.

摘要: The review examines Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD in its Child and Adult form) various presentations (Hyperactive Impulsive, Inattentive, Combined) with a particular focus on environmental (incl. social factors), lifestyles comorbidities. It is argued that ADHD best understood holistic interactive context vast empirical literature presented to illustrate the point: Environmental factors include stress general as well exposure toxins (phthalates, bisphenol A). Social are illustrated by effects of deprivation seduction unhealthy lifestyles. Maternal lifestyle during pregnancy pointed out (particularly her nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, drugs, even seemingly benign medications like acetaminophen), which all tend be related ADHD. Family environment discussed respect protective effect (mainly authoritative autocratic) parenting styles. Societal mainly economic political issues: income inequality poverty (low SES an risk factor) growing moral dilemma between humanistic effort globally spread knowledge medicalization commercialization disorder. second part devoted resulting comorbidities (e.g., food addiction obesity, substance abuse, electronic media dependencies conduct personality disorders). Although neurodevelopmental disorder, assessment treatment also linked environmental, behavioral their interactions.