Disease associations between honeybees and bumblebees as a threat to wild pollinators

摘要: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose a risk to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, by affecting managed livestock wildlife that provide valuable resources ecosystem services, such as the pollination of crops. Honeybees (Apis mellifera), prevailing insect crop pollinator, suffer from range emerging exotic high-impact pathogens, population maintenance requires active management beekeepers control them. Wild pollinators bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are in global decline, one cause which may be pathogen spillover like honeybees or commercial colonies bumblebees. Here we use combination infection experiments landscape-scale field data show honeybee EIDs indeed widespread agents within pollinator assemblage. The prevalence deformed wing virus (DWV) parasite Nosema ceranae is linked; have higher DWV prevalence, sympatric infected same strains, Apis likely source at least major EID wild pollinators. Lessons learned vertebrates highlight need for increased bee species maintain pollinators, declines native caused interspecies transmission originating