Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing

摘要: Preface 1. Introduction The aims of the book climate for language testing Research and development: needs problems an agenda Overview Notes 2. Measurement Definition terms: measurement, test, evaluation Essential measurement qualities Properties scales Characteristics that limit Steps in Summary Further reading Discussion questions 3. Uses Language Tests tests educational programs uses Features classifying different types test 4. Communicative Ability proficiency communicative competence A theoretical framework ability 5. Test Methods method facets Applications this to 6. Reliability Factors affect scores Classical true score theory Generalizability Standard error measurement: Interpreting individual within classical generalizability Item response criterion-referenced reliability estimates Systematic 7. Validation validity revisited Validity as a unitary concept evidential basis bias consequential or ethical Post mortem: face 8. Some Persistent Problems Future Directions Authentic future directions general model explaining performance on Apologia et prolegomenon Bibliography Author index Subject