The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain.

摘要: When an unconditioned stimulus, a reinforcer, or innate releaser is repeatedly presented to human animal subjects, three major affective phenomena are often observed. First, one sees hedonic contrast. Second, frequent repeti- tion of the gives rise habitu- ation (tolerance). Finally, after repetition these stimuli, withdrawal abstinence syndrome emerges directly following stimulus termination. These dynamics organismicall y important stimuli generate new motives, opportunities for reinforcing and energizing operant behaviors, based on attributes syndromes. This article describes opponent-process theory such experientiall produced motives discusses recent research testing theory. The attempts account diverse acquired as drug addiction, love, affection social attachment, cravings sensory aesthetic ex- periences (cases in which initial reinforcers posi- tive) parachuting, jog- ging "marathoning," sauna bathing, variety self-administered, aversive like electric shocks negative). empirical laws governing establishment described. Crucial variables include quality, intensity, duration each presentation time intervals between presenta-