Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics

摘要: Introduction Refinery Processes and Operations Historic Overview Product Demand Supply U.S. Statistics World Industry Characteristics Economics Cost Estimation Complexity Flow Scheme Chapter Outline Products Low-Boiling Gasoline Specifications Distillate Fuels Residual Fuel Oils Feedstocks Crude Oil Properties Composition of Petroleum Crudes Suitable for Asphalt Manufacture Distillation Desalting Atmospheric Topping Unit Vacuum Auxiliary Equipment Case-Study Problem: Units Coking Thermal Types, Properties, Uses Coke Process Description-Delayed Operation-Delayed Description-Flexicoking Description-Fluid Yields from Flexicoking Fluid Capital Costs Utilities Visbreaking Delayed Coker Catalytic Cracking Fluidized Bed New Designs Reactions Paraffins Olefin Naphthenic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbon Catalysts FCC Feed Pretreating Variables Heat Recovery Yield Operating Cracker Hydrocracking Preparation The Catalyst Investment Modes Hydrocracker Operation Hydroprocessing Resid Processing Tower Bottoms Options Expanded-Bed Moving-Bed Hydroprocessors Solvent Extraction Summary Hydrotreating Aromatics Reduction Construction Hydrotreaters Reforming Isomerization Reactor Design Naphtha Hydrotreater, Reformer, Alkylation Polymerization Hydrofluoric Acid Sulfuric Comparison Safety Issues Blending Reid Vapor Pressure Octane Other Calculations Pool Diesel Jet Supporting Hydrogen Production Purification Gas Removal Sulfur Ecological Considerations in Refining Wastewater Treatment Control Pollution Noise Level Saturated Recovery, Amine, Planning Linear Programming Models Applications Lubricating Stocks Lube Propane Deasphalting Viscosity Index Improvement Dewaxing Hydrofinishing Finishing by Clay Contacting Environmental Impacts Petrochemical Unsaturate Additives Use Alcohols Ethers Ether Isobutylene Commercial Dehydrogenation Houdry's CATOFIN ConocoPhillips Petroleum's Star UOP LLC OLEFLEX Snamprogetti Yarsintez to Produce Isobutane International Union Pure Applied Chemists Nomenclature Isooctene Isooctane Rule-of-Thumb Estimates Cost-Curve Major Factor Definitive Form Storage Facilities Land Requirements Steam Systems Cooling Water Utility Application Techniques Economic Evaluation Definitions Return on Original Payout Time Discounted Cash Rate Solution Appendix A: Terms B: Physical C: Bureau Mines Routine Analyses Selected D: Example Problem E: Photographs *Most chapters include Problems, Notes, Additional Reading sections