Vector-Borne Diseases of Freshwater Habitats

摘要: Human diseases transmitted by freshwater organisms result in death or debilitation to millions of people annually. Malaria, lymphatic filariasis elephantiasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue (all through the bites certain species mosquitoes), onchocerciasis river blindness (transmitted black flies), and schistosomiasis bilharzia (where snails serve as intermediate host) are most important associated with habitats. Mosquitoes human-disease vectors can transmit nematode worms, viruses, protozoans. Disease control strategies vary according vector, disease-causing parasite, type water body. The latter include natural rivers lakes, human-made bodies such reservoirs, holders human settlements tires containers. Vaccinations chemotherapy used parasites; application toxicants, use biological agents, habitat manipulations vectors. Large-scale freshwater, vector-borne have ranged from temporarily successful (malaria) highly (onchocerciasis yellow fever). biodiversity vectors, parasites, well non-target affected activities, influenced both spread fresh waters.