Physical Activity and Bone Health: What Is the Role of Immune System? A Narrative Review of the Third Way.

摘要: Bone tissue can be seen as a physiological hub of several stimuli different origin (e.g., dietary, endocrine, nervous, immune, skeletal muscle traction, biomechanical load). Their integration, at the bone level, results in: (i) changes in mineral and protein composition microarchitecture and, consequently, shape strength; (ii) modulation calcium phosphorous release into bloodstream, (iii) expression hormones mediators able to communicate current status rest body. Different are act on either one or, usual, more levels. Physical activity is key stimulus for metabolism acting two ways: through load which resolves direct stimulation segment(s) involved an indirect mediated by traction onto bone, main formation, endocrine causes homeostatic adaptation. The third way, physical modify functions, passes immune system. It known that function modulated activity; however, recent insights have shed new light this modulation. first relies discovery inflammasomes, receptors/sensors innate immunity regulate caspase-1 activation are, hence, triggers inflammation response infections and/or stressors. second ability certain tissues, particularly adipose tissue, synthesize secrete (namely, myokines adipokines) affect, profoundly, function. both these mechanisms its effects also system activation. Indeed, tightly connected pivotal determining metabolic well-known. aim narrative review give complete view exercise-dependent system-mediated