Associations of circulating choline and its related metabolites with cardiometabolic biomarkers: an international pooled analysis

摘要: BACKGROUND Choline is an essential nutrient; however, the associations of choline and its related metabolites with cardiometabolic risk remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined circulating choline, betaine, carnitine, dimethylglycine (DMG) biomarkers their potential dietary nondietary determinants. METHODS The cross-sectional analyses included 32,853 participants from 17 studies, who were free cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney inflammatory bowel disease. In each study, log-transformed standardized by means SDs, linear regression coefficients (β) 95% CIs estimated adjustments for confounders. Study-specific results combined random-effects meta-analyses. A false discovery rate <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS observed moderate positive DMG creatinine [β (95% CI): 0.136 (0.084, 0.188), 0.106 (0.045, 0.168), 0.128 (0.087, 0.169), respectively, SD increase in on log scale], carnitine triglycerides (β = 0.076; CI: 0.042, 0.109), homocysteine 0.064; 0.033, 0.095), LDL cholesterol 0.055; 0.013, 0.096), 0.068; 0.023, 0.114), insulin 0.043, 0.093), IL-6 0.060; 0.027, 0.094), but inverse betaine -0.146; -0.188, -0.104), -0.106; -0.130, -0.082), -0.097; -0.149, -0.045), total -0.074; -0.102, -0.047). whole pooled population, no factor associated choline; red meat intake 0.092 (0.042, 0.142) a 1 serving/d increase], whereas plant protein 0.249 (0.110, 0.388) 5% energy increase]. Demographics, lifestyle, metabolic disease history showed differential these metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Circulating unfavorable profiles, favorable profile. Future prospective studies are needed to examine incident events.