Prediction of the probability of forest decline damage to Norway spruce using three simple site‐independent diagnostic parameters

摘要: Survey data for Norway spruce (Picea abies I.) trees at 12 different forest sites across Europe have been analysed. Three variables (dry weight/fresh weight ratio differences between current and two-year-old needles, ethylene emissions violaxanthin/antheraxanthin ratios) were found which together show a significant relationship to tree damage in areas affected by decline are independent of site effects (P < 0.001). Results also presented that support the contention atmospheric pollution, especially tropospheric ozone, is major cause this problem. After four-year fumigation experiment, 12-year-old showed similar cellular changes as those 30-to 40-year-old survey decline. In these most pronounced plants exposed combination treatments including sulphur dioxide acid rain. The pollutant concentrations used study representative experienced growing areas.