Applying the three-dimensional model ATHAM to volcanic plumes: Dynamic of large co-ignimbrite eruptions and associated injection heights for volcanic gases

摘要: [1] Many of the past large volcanic eruptions like Tambora in 1815, Krakatau 1835, and Pinatubo 1991 were secondary so called co-ignimbrite that forced over a area instead point source as Plinian case. Previous modeling studies based on one-dimensional plume models. We used fully three-dimensional model ATHAM (Active Tracer High-Resolution Atmospheric Model) to investigate dynamics resulting heights an idealized setup. Ash particles well sulfur dioxide (SO2) tracer are included model. In analysis we focus behavior SO2 since neutral buoyancy height is ill-defined parameter for gravitationally settling particles. contrast plumes develop from multiple updrafts significantly reduced heights. At least two-dimensional framework necessary capture relevant dynamical features.