Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools?

摘要: The uneven standards of surveillance, human- or animal-based, for zoonotic diseases pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H(R)s, even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has long enviable history. As 2006, there appears to be little scientific, social, political consensus that animal-based zoonoses merits international infrastructure, other than fledgling efforts with avian influenza, targeted nontraditional avenues research. National institutions charged strategic planning emerging intentional releases agents have emphasized improving diagnostic capabilities detecting human infections, modifying immune status animals through vaccines, producing better antiviral antibacterial drugs, enhancing human-based as an early warning system. With possible exception extensive vaccination, each these approaches target post-spillover events none research will slightest impact on reducing risk additional emergence viruses from wildlife. Novel schemes preventing spillover animal H(R)s can only spring our understanding ecological context biological interactions pathogen maintenance among H(R)s. Although benefit derived investments improve knowledge circulating H(R) populations uncertain, experience HIV looming threat pandemic influenza A inform us outcomes we expect relying detection sentinel humans.