Field studies with pesticides and non-target arthropods in orchards

摘要: The majority of new insecticides and acaricides, together with a surprising number fungicides herbicides, are found to be harmful one or more the four species tested in initial glass plate laboratory tests (Barrett et al., 1994). Since represents extreme exposure, maximum bioavailability substance no opportunity for organism avoid residue, these results considered ‘worst case’. Whilst harmlessness on is taken mean real world, result can only indicate potential harmfulness under field conditions. To evaluate requires realistic testing, at either semi-field level.