Climate Changes during the Holocene and their Impact on Hydrological Systems: Climate changes during the Holocene Epoch in Europe

摘要: CLIMATE Contemporary climate The contemporary regime of Europe is spatially variable, because its position between the Arctic and Mediterranean zones on latitudinal extent, Euro-Asian continental mass Atlantic coast longitudinal extent. Additional spatial climatic variability results from topography Europe, which characterized by a combination high mountain chains, low lying countries circuitous shoreline. penetration sea into continent causes to become milder, in terms temperature. Consequently, conditions each region differ according relation more extreme along borders. Another influence warm Gulf Stream, flows western shores Europe. From global point view, European lies within westerlies wind system. Within this system, barometric pressures storm regime. High-pressure, anticyclone system characterizes eastern region, while low-pressure cyclone west over Atlantic. Pleistocene–Holocene transition period last glacial maximum occurred 22 ka 16 BP. A massive deglaciation started shortly thereafter, strong fluctuations occurring 15 8 seems have taken place 13.5 11 This referred as “Windermere interstadial” Britain Ireland “Bolling Scandinavia.