Use of the holmium laser in the upper urinary tract.

摘要: Abstract The holmium (Ho:YAG) laser can effectively fragment ureteral calculi of all compositions. It also ablate tissue including neoplasms. Because the light be carried through small flexible quartz fibers, it is ideally suited for use small-diameter rigid and ureteroscopes in upper urinary tract. Although care must used application laser, combination fine control limited penetration allow to safely ureter. Techniques stone fragmentation, tumor ablation stricture incision are described detail.