International Agreements and Baltic Sea Environmental Management

摘要: The development of the ‘ecosystem approach to management human activities’ (EAM) is examined as overarching policy and concept for conserving healthy sustainable marine ecosystems, goods services they provide humanity in European regional seas. joint origin EAM UN Framework Convention on Climate Change from 1992 Conference Environment Development (‘Rio Earth Summit’) noted, together with their underpinning by precautionary principle polluter pays principle. With reference seas, especially Baltic Sea, international ‘instruments’ (e.g. conventions, agreements, guidelines) concerning coastal offshore environment its living resources are summarily reviewed, attention drawn increasing emphasis being placed guiding application. 2002 North Sea Ministerial Declaration (Fifth International Protection Sea) adopted outlined, first time Europe, general framework necessary developing implementing EAM. was subsequently incorporated application all central elaborating making operational Union’s primary instruments. main components ecosystem health examined. forums applying area briefly outlined. Finally, simple, generic ways which climate change may be addressed across relevant marine-related sectors mitigation adaptation identified, importance ‘linking science policy’ emphasized enhancing a medium- long-term perspective.